The K11R5 can also connect to, interface with and control all kinds of equipment such as pneumatics, feeders, plate stacks, conveyors, molding machines and synchronize all activities with the robot. There is an easily used input output register which can be expanded with a range of plug-in cards for analog or digital interfaces, serial, opto-isolated buffers and so on. This means you can easily arrange interlocks or control devices or take measurements while the robot is in motion. And you can add and control additional stepping motor devices such as indexing carousels, accurate bi-directional conveyers. Some clients use a K11 controller without a robot to control complex equipment and program it quickly and easily using Roboforth. You can also use it to control any machine with up to 6 stepping motors, with or without encoders. Additionally the controller has timers, interrupts and timer interrupts all programmable with the ease of Roboforth.

The controller uses a fast pipelined CPU (Zilog Acclaim microcontroller) that can execute a Forth instruction in less than a micro-second. The CPU sends motion commands to a DSP which in turn controls motion via intelligent drive modules, thus freeing the CPU for overall program control and I/O. High voltage MOS micro-stepping drives control the robot motors accurately and without resonance yet pack power and high speeds when required. Optical incremental encoders connect back to the DSP which sends this information back to the CPU on completion of each move. The CPU compares these counts with the counts it sent and halts motion in case of error. For example in the event of a stall robot motion is aborted and an error is announced (which is safer than most robot systems which continually try to get into position). Both the programming system and user's software are stored in flash EPROM but run in fast static RAM.
A computer is needed to program the controller which can be removed after programming is complete. Connection is via serial RS232 or USB (option). During programming data and procedure are saved both to disk and to controller Flash ROM. Once programmed the controller will run on its own without a computer.

Axis drives are intelligent MOSFET chopper drives that energize the motors with PWM (pulse width modulated) constant current which recirculates at rest to prevent heating. Microprocessors automatically compensate for low and mid-range resonance. At low and medium speeds they vary phase current sinusoidally in a manner called micro-stepping. As speeds increase they 'morph' from micro-step to full step so that the motors maximum current rating is achieved. See the diagrams below - fig1 shows low speed sinusoidal control of position. You can see the PWM chopping. Fig2 shows the change to full step in progress.

• General purpose opto-isolated I/O expansion
• Analog input and output
• 48 line digital input/output
• Opto-isolated input and output conditioners/drivers
• Conveyor tracking support
• Grip confirmation
• Pulse modulated gripper motor drive.

There are 2 slots available for expansion cards.